Thesis

Permanent URI for this community

http://ssm.ndl.gov.in/handle/123456789/162

Browse

Browsing Thesis by Author "Mainan, Tusar Kanti"

Now showing 1 - 1 of 1
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    TEXTILE INDUSTRIES IN HOWRAH DISTRICT: RISE AND DECLINE (1900-2000)
    (Adamas University, 2024) Mainan, Tusar Kanti
    This research explores the rise, flourishing period, and eventual decline of the textile industries in Howrah District, West Bengal, spanning from 1900 to 2000. Howrah, often dubbed the "Sheffield of India," was once a critical hub for various industries, especially textiles, which significantly contributed to the economic fabric of Bengal. This study meticulously traces the factors that propelled Howrah into a prominent position in the textile sector and subsequently examines the myriad challenges that led to its decline. By analyzing the socio-economic and political dynamics over more than a century, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of the industrial transformation in the region. The early 20th century marked the beginning of Howrah's industrial prominence, driven by its strategic location near Kolkata and along the Hooghly River, which facilitated trade and transportation. The district's proximity to raw materials, availability of skilled labor, and entrepreneurial initiatives led to the rapid establishment of textile mills, particularly those involved in jute, cotton, and silk production. These industries became the backbone of Howrah's economy, providing employment to thousands and significantly contributing to Bengal's industrial output during the colonial period. The research begins by contextualizing Howrah's rise within the broader industrial landscape of British India. During this period, the British colonial administration encouraged the growth of industries that could supply raw materials for export to Britain while fostering minimal industrial development within India itself. However, Howrah's textile sector grew beyond mere raw material production, with significant advancements in manufacturing and processing capabilities. The study investigates how local entrepreneurship, supported by British capital and technology, contributed to the district's industrial boom. It also explores the socio-economic conditions that attracted a diverse workforce to Howrah, including migrants from rural Bengal and neighboring states, who played a crucial role in the industry's growth. The mid-20th century represents the zenith of Howrah's textile industry. Post-independence, the Indian government implemented policies aimed at protecting and promoting indigenous industries, including textiles. The study examines the impact of these policies, such as protective tariffs, the establishment of textile cooperatives, and government subsidies, which helped sustain the growth of Howrah's textile sector during this period. Additionally, the research highlights the role of global market demands in shaping the industry's trajectory, as Howrah's textiles found markets not only within India but also in regions such as Southeast Asia, Africa, and Europe. This period also saw significant advancements in textile technology, which contributed to increased productivity and product diversification. The research delves into the technological innovations adopted by Howrah's textile mills, including mechanized looms and improved dyeing and finishing processes, which enabled the production of highis-quality textiles. more, the study explores the organizational structures of these mills, focusing on management practices, labor relations, and the role of trade unions in negotiating better working conditions and wages for textile workers. Despite the post-independence growth, the latter half of the 20th century brought significant challenges that gradually led to the decline of Howrah's textile industry. The research identifies multiple factors contributing to this decline, including the rise of synthetic fibers, which began to replace traditional natural fibers like jute and cotton. Synthetic fibers, being cheaper and more durable, quickly gained popularity in both domestic and international markets, reducing the demand for Howrah's textile products. Anothis critical factor examined in the study is labor unrest, which became increasingly prevalent from the 1960s onwards. The research investigates the causes of this unrest, including poor working conditions, low wages, and management's resistance to labor demands. Frequent strikes and lockouts disrupted production and eroded the profitability of textile mills. The study also considers the impact of outdated technology and inadequate infrastructure on the industry's ability to compete with more modernized textile centers in India and abroad. The liberalization of the Indian economy in the 1990s exacerbated the challenges faced by Howrah's textile industry. The research explores how the opening up of the Indian market to global competition exposed the weaknesses of the local textile sector, which had long relied on government protection and subsidies. The influx of cheaper, mass-produced textiles from countries like China and Southeast Asia overwhelmed local producers, leading to a sharp decline in market share. Additionally, the study examines the role of policy missteps, such as the lack of investment in modernization and the failure to adapt to changing consumer preferences, which contributed to the industry's decline. The decline of the textile industry had profound socio-economic consequences for Howrah District. The research dedicates a significant portion to understanding the impact of mill closures on the local population. As mills shut down or scaled back operations, thousands of workers lost their jobs, leading to widespread unemployment and economic hardship. The study examines the coping mechanisms adopted by displaced workers, including shifts to informal labor markets, small-scale entrepreneurship, and migration to othis industrial centers or rural areas. The decline also affected the local economy, leading to a reduction in economic activity and a decline in living standards for many residents of Howrah. The research investigates the broader economic impact of the industry's decline, including the loss of ancillary industries that had developed around the textile sector, such as suppliers of raw materials, machinery, and transportation services. The study also explores the social impact, including the disruption of communities built around the mills and the erosion of social capital as families and individuals struggled to adapt to the new economic reality. This study provides a comprehensive account of the rise and decline of the textile industries in Howrah District, offering valuable insights into the broader patterns of industrialization and deindustrialization in India. The research underscores the importance of adaptive strategies and forward-looking policies in sustaining industrial growth in the face of global economic changes. It highlights the need for continuous innovation, investment in technology, and proactive labor management to ensure the long-term viability of industries. The findings of this research have significant implications for policymakers, historians, and economists interested in the dynamics of industrial transformation. For policymakers, the study emphasizes the need for a balanced approach that supports industrial growth while preparing for potential challenges such as global competition and technological disruption. The research also suggests that a focus on skills development and retraining programs could help mitigate the negative impact of industrial decline on workers and communities.For historians, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of the economic and social history of Bengal, particularly the role of industrialization in shaping the region's development. The research also offers a case study in the broader context of India's industrial history, illustrating the complex interplay of local, national, and global factors in the rise and fall of industries. For economists, the study provides empirical data and analysis on the factors influencing industrial growth and decline, which can inform future research on industrial policy and economic development. The research also highlights the importance of considering both economic and social factors in understanding the impact of industrialization on communities and regions. This research utilizes a multidisciplinary approach, drawing on historical records, economic data, and interviews with former industry workers, policymakers, and local historians. Through this comprehensive analysis, the study aims to shed light on the lessons that can be learned from Howrah's industrial experience, particularly in the context of contemporary challenges faced by India's manufacturing sector. The findings underscore the importance of strategic planning, innovation, and investment in ensuring the long-term sustainability of industries, and offer valuable lessons for regions and industries facing similar challenges today